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6.1 Introduction to SOLID SOLID is an acronym for five design principles that make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable. Letter Principle Core Idea S Single Responsibility A class should have one reason to change O Open/Clo...

7.1 Constructors Purpose: Special member function that initializes an object when it's created. Types of Constructors: #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Student { private: string name; int id; float gpa; public:...

1.1 What is Inheritance? Inheritance is a mechanism where a class (derived/child class) can inherit properties and methods from another class (base/parent class). Real-World Analogy: Think of inheritance like family traits: A child inherits characteristics fr...

2.1 Single Inheritance Definition: One derived class inherits from one base class. #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Person { protected: string name; int age; public: Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}...

3.1 Complete Example: University Management System #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> using namespace std; // Base class class Person { protected: string name; int id; int age; public: Person(string n, int i, int a) :...

1.1 What is Polymorphism? Polymorphism means "many forms" - the ability of objects to take on multiple forms or behave differently based on their type. Real-World Analogy: Think of a smartphone's "share" button: Share a photo → Opens image sharing options Sha...

2.1 Function Overloading Definition: Multiple functions with the same name but different parameters. #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Printer { public: // Overloaded print functions void print(int value) { cout ...

3.1 Virtual Functions Definition: Functions that can be overridden in derived classes and are resolved at runtime. #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Animal { protected: string name; public: Animal(string n) : name(n...

4.1 Complete Example: Drawing Application #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> #include <cmath> using namespace std; // Abstract base class class Shape { protected: string color; double x, y; // Position public: Shape(stri...