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5.1 Bubble Sort Concept Bubble Sort repeatedly steps through the list, compares adjacent elements, and swaps them if they're in the wrong order. How it works: Compare adjacent elements Swap if in wrong order Repeat for all elements After each pass, largest el...

6.1 Merge Sort Concept Merge Sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that divides the array into halves, recursively sorts them, and then merges the sorted halves. Divide and Conquer Strategy: Divide: Split array into two halves Conquer: Recursively sort each ...

7.1 Performance Summary // Test all sorting algorithms #include <time.h> void testSortingAlgorithms() { int sizes[] = {100, 1000, 10000}; for (int s = 0; s < 3; s++) { int n = sizes[s]; printf("\n=== Array Size: %d ===\n", n); ...

8.1 Search and Sort Combined #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> // Student structure typedef struct { int id; char name[50]; float gpa; } Student; // Compare functions for sorting int compareByID(const void *a, const void ...

3.1 Understanding Classes and Objects Definition: Class: A blueprint or template for creating objects (like a cookie cutter) Object: An instance of a class (like a cookie made from the cutter) Real-World Example: Class: Student (blueprint) - Attributes: ...

4.1 What is Encapsulation? Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes) and methods that operate on that data within a single unit (class), while restricting direct access to some of the object's components. Purpose: Data Hiding: Protect internal state ...

5.1 What is Abstraction? Abstraction is the concept of hiding complex implementation details and showing only the essential features of an object. It focuses on what an object does rather than how it does it. Real-World Analogy: When you drive a car, you use ...

6.1 Introduction to SOLID SOLID is an acronym for five design principles that make software designs more understandable, flexible, and maintainable. Letter Principle Core Idea S Single Responsibility A class should have one reason to change O Open/Clo...

7.1 Constructors Purpose: Special member function that initializes an object when it's created. Types of Constructors: #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Student { private: string name; int id; float gpa; public:...

1.1 What is Inheritance? Inheritance is a mechanism where a class (derived/child class) can inherit properties and methods from another class (base/parent class). Real-World Analogy: Think of inheritance like family traits: A child inherits characteristics fr...

2.1 Single Inheritance Definition: One derived class inherits from one base class. #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Person { protected: string name; int age; public: Person(string n, int a) : name(n), age(a) {}...

3.1 Complete Example: University Management System #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> using namespace std; // Base class class Person { protected: string name; int id; int age; public: Person(string n, int i, int a) :...

1.1 What is Polymorphism? Polymorphism means "many forms" - the ability of objects to take on multiple forms or behave differently based on their type. Real-World Analogy: Think of a smartphone's "share" button: Share a photo → Opens image sharing options Sha...

2.1 Function Overloading Definition: Multiple functions with the same name but different parameters. #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Printer { public: // Overloaded print functions void print(int value) { cout ...

3.1 Virtual Functions Definition: Functions that can be overridden in derived classes and are resolved at runtime. #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; class Animal { protected: string name; public: Animal(string n) : name(n...

4.1 Complete Example: Drawing Application #include <iostream> #include <vector> #include <string> #include <cmath> using namespace std; // Abstract base class class Shape { protected: string color; double x, y; // Position public: Shape(stri...