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In VHDL, a procedure is a type of language construct used to group several statements and specific tasks into a single block of code. Procedures help in organizing and simplifying the understanding of complex VHDL designs. A procedure in VHDL is similar to a v...

In VHDL, a function is a subprogram used to perform calculations or data processing that returns a single value as a result. Functions in VHDL are similar to functions in traditional programming languages such as C or Java, where the main purpose is to compute...

In VHDL, an impure function is a special type of function that is allowed to read or modify signals, variables, or states outside its local scope. Unlike a pure function, which always produces the same output for the same input (no side effects), an impure fun...

In VHDL, both "function" and "procedure" can be used in hardware descriptions, but it should be understood that hardware synthesis is usually more suitable for implementations based on deterministic and synchronous behavior. Therefore, there are several limita...

Criteria Procedure Function Impure Function Purpose Perform tasks without returning a value. Return a value from a calculation. Produce an unpredictable value or one that depends on external factors. Arguments Can have input and/or output arguments. C...

What is DP? Dynamic programming (DP) is defined as a powerful design technique that successfully combines the correctness of brute force algorithms with the efficiency of greedy algorithms. The fundamental idea of dynamic programming is to remember the solutio...

DP for Fibonacci Problem To illustrate Dynamic Programming, let's look at the classic Fibonacci Sequence. The rule is simple: each number is the sum of the two preceding ones ($F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2)$), starting with 0 and 1. 1. The Original Solution (Naive Re...

An interrupt is a mechanism used in microcontroller programming to pause the execution of the current program and call a specific routine or function when a particular event occurs. These events, defined by the programmer, can range from a specific condition o...

On the ATMega328P microcontroller, there are three essential requirements that must met to enable an interrupt: Global Interrupt Enabled: Interrupts must be allowed to occur globally across any part of the program. While the Arduino environment typically enab...

For detailed information about the registers, please refer to the Atmega32p datasheet. here From the previous section, we have set up the interrupt handler for external interrupt 0. Now, we will set up the registers to setup/initialize this interrupt. Let's ...

Internal Interrupts Now Internal interrupts or Timer interrupts is somewhat more complex then external interrupts. Before going for implementation let's understand on what use case we can use timer interrupts: Replacing Delay Loops: Instead of using blocking ...