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5. File Input/Output
5.1 Why File I/O? So far, all our programs lose their data when they terminate. File I/O allows p...
4. Type Definitions (typedef)
4.1 What is typedef? typedef creates aliases (alternative names) for existing data types. It make...
3. Enumerations (enum)
3.1 What is an Enumeration? An enumeration is a user-defined data type consisting of a set of nam...
2. Structures (struct)
2.1 What is a Structure? A structure is a user-defined data type that groups variables of differe...
1. Introduction to User-Defined Data Types
1.1 Why User-Defined Types? In previous modules, we learned about basic data types like int, floa...
When & Which
When & Which? Comparison Feature for Loop while Loop for-generate Statement Execution Sequ...
For-Generate Loop
The Concurrent 'for-generate' Loop We now switch from sequential loops to a concurrent one. The f...
Loop Control - Next & Exit
Loop Control - Next & Exit The two control statements, next and exit, allow you to skip an iterat...
While Loop
While Loop The while loop is used where the number of repetitions is not known from the start. A ...
For Loop
For Loop The for loop is the most common type of sequential loop in VHDL. It is used to repeat a ...
Introduction to Looping Constructs
Introduction to Looping Constructs Looping constructs are VHDL instructions that allow a program ...
7.3 Web Communication with HTTP/HTTPS
HTTP HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of data communication on the World Wide...
9. Practical Examples with Dynamic Memory
9.1 Dynamic Array with User Input #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> int main() { int n,...
8. Common Pointer Pitfalls and Best Practices
8.1 Uninitialized Pointers WRONG: int *ptr; // Uninitialized - contains garbage address *ptr...
7. Dynamic Memory Allocation & Array
7.1 Introduction to Dynamic Memory Up until now, we've used static memory allocation where array ...
6. Pointers and Strings
In C, strings are arrays of characters, so pointers work naturally with strings. 6.1 String Repre...
5. Pointers and Functions
Pointers are essential for functions to modify variables from the calling code and to work effici...
4. Pointers and Arrays
Arrays and pointers have a very close relationship in C. In many contexts, an array name acts as ...
3. Pointer Arithmetics
3. Pointer Arithmetic Pointers can be incremented, decremented, and compared. When you perform ar...
2. Pointer Basics
2.1 Declaring Pointers Syntax: data_type *pointer_name; Examples: int *ptr; // Pointer to...