1. Introduction: From Procedural to Object-Oriented Programming

1.1 What is Object-Oriented Programming?

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes code around objects rather than functions and logic. An object is a data structure that contains both data (attributes) and code (methods) that operates on that data.

Key Paradigm Comparison:

1.2 The Four Pillars of OOP

1. Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit (class), hiding internal details
2. Abstraction: Showing only essential features while hiding implementation details
3. Inheritance: Creating new classes from existing classes, promoting code reuse
4. Polymorphism: Ability of objects to take many forms, allowing different implementations of the same interface

1.3 Real-World Analogy

Think of a car:

• Object: Your specific car (e.g., a red Toyota Camry 2020)
• Class: The blueprint/design for all Toyota Camry cars
• Attributes (data): color, model, year, speed, fuel level
• Methods (functions): start(), accelerate(), brake(), turn()
• Encapsulation: You don't need to know how the engine works internally; you just use the steering wheel and pedals
• Abstraction: The dashboard shows you speed and fuel, hiding complex engine computations