1. Introduction: From Procedural to Object-Oriented Programming

Module

1.1 8:What is Object-Oriented Programming?

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that organizes code around objects rather than functions and logic. An object is a data structure that contains both data (attributes) and code (methods) that operates on that data.

Key Paradigm Comparison:

Aspect	Procedural (C)	Object-Oriented (C++)
Focus	Functions and procedures	Objects and classes
Data & Functions	Separate	Bundled together
Code Organization	By functionality	By entities/objects
Data Protection	Limited (global/local)	Strong (access specifiers)
Code Reuse	Function reuse	Inheritance & polymorphism
Maintenance	Harder for large projects	Easier through modularity

1.2 The Four Pillars of OOP (SOLID, Encapsulation, Abstraction)

Created by: YP

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Learning Objectives

After completing this module, students are expected to:

1. ExplainEncapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit (class), hiding internal details
2. Abstraction: Showing only essential features while hiding implementation details
3. Inheritance: Creating new classes from existing classes, promoting code reuse
4. Polymorphism: Ability of objects to take many forms, allowing different implementations of the basicsame concept of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming).
5. Differentiate between Encapsulation and Abstraction.
6. Implement Abstract Class and Pure Virtual Function in C++.
7. Apply fundamental SOLID principles (Single Responsibility Principle and Liskov Substitution Principle).
8. Build a simple menu-based program using inheritance.interface

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1.3 Real-World Analogy

Think of a car:

• Object: Your specific car (e.g., a red Toyota Camry 2020)
• Class: The blueprint/design for all Toyota Camry cars
• Attributes (data): color, model, year, speed, fuel level
• Methods (functions): start(), accelerate(), brake(), turn()
• Encapsulation: You don't need to know how the engine works internally; you just use the steering wheel and pedals
• Abstraction: The dashboard shows you speed and fuel, hiding complex engine computations