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The real world is analog — all physical phenomena (temperature, light, sound, pressure, humidity) are continuous signals. However, microcontrollers and computers can only process information in digital form (0 and 1). ADC acts as a bridge between the physical...

4.1 ATmega328p ADC Specifications The ATmega328p (used in the Arduino Uno) has a built-in ADC with the following specifications: Specification Value Resolution 10-bit (produces values from 0 – 1023) Conversion Method Successive Approximation Input C...

5.1 Reference Voltage (Vref) Reference Voltage (Vref) is the maximum voltage that serves as the full-scale reference in the ADC conversion process. Vref determines the range of input voltage that can be read by the ADC. On the ATmega328p, there are three optio...

6.1 ADMUX — ADC Multiplexer Selection Register ADMUX is an 8-bit register that handles the basic ADC configuration: reference voltage source, data storage format, and which analog input channel to read. Functions of each field: a) REFS1:REFS0 — Reference Sele...

Here is the complete workflow for using the ADC on the ATmega328p: The flowchart above illustrates the ADC reading process on the ATmega328p in single conversion mode using the polling method, with the following configuration: Conversion Mode: The ADC opera...

8.1 Full Code Here is an example of AVR Assembly code to read the ADC from the ADC0 pin using the internal 2.56V reference and a CLK/128 prescaler: #define __SFR_OFFSET 0x00 #include "avr/io.h" ;------------------------ .global main main: LDI R20, 0xFF ...