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The following are two additional statements that can be used to control the looping construct: Next The next statement is used to skip the remaining code in the current iteration of the loop and proceed to the next iteration. In a for-loop, the index variable ...

Procedure in VHDL In VHDL, a "procedure" is a language construct used to group multiple statements and specific tasks into a single block of code. Procedures help organize and understand complex VHDL designs. Procedure Declaration A procedure is defined using ...

In VHDL, both "functions" and "procedures" can be used in the description of hardware. However, it should be understood that hardware synthesis is usually more suitable for implementations based on deterministic and synchronous behavior. Therefore, there are s...

Objective Understand basic digital arithmetic using adders and subtractors. In digital arithmetic, basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are all based on binary. These basic arithmetic operations are accomplished by using...

A. Introduction to Sequential Circuits If we have an AND gate and drive both inputs with 1, the output would be 1. However, if one of its inputs is 0, the output will be 0. This behavior is defined by the truth table and describes a combinatorial circuit, wher...

A. Binary Operation In electrical components, data is represented as a stream of bits. These bits are processed in the components, creating processed bits of data. This process is called a binary operation. Binary operations are further classified into: 1. Par...

1. Decoder In general, decoder is a combinatorial device that has n input ports and m output ports such that n <= m <= 2n. A decoder is commonly prefixed with the phrase n-to-m, where n and m are the number of input and output ports respectively. Decoders ar...

1. Multiplexer A multiplexer has multiple input pins, but only has one output pin. This circuit gives an output based on which input pin is chosen. To explain further about how multiplexer works, we can imagine it as a rotary switch that works just like how m...

Introduction to Bluetooth Technology What is Bluetooth? Bluetooth is a wireless technology that enables devices to communicate with each other over short distances, typically up to 10 meters. Bluetooth uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz frequency band to transmit...

Introduction to LoRa Background LoRa, or Long Range, emerged in response to the growing demand for efficient connectivity in the Internet of Things (IoT). As IoT applications expanded, the limitations of traditional networks like Wi-Fi and cellular became appa...

Bluetooth Classic Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) BLE Server BLE Client BLE Characteristics & Callbacks

A Finite State Machine (FSM), or Finite Automata, is a mathematical model of a system whose state is capable of changing. These systems have characteristics or behaviors that vary depending on the current state. In general, FSMs are divided into two types: FSM...

Basically, FSM serves to describe the workings of a sequential circuit. Therefore, the VHDL code of an FSM is not much different from the VHDL code of an ordinary sequential circuit, which uses a process statement (behavioral model). There are many methods tha...

Moore Machine This FSM has two states: ST0 and ST1. In the ST0 state, the FSM outputs '0', and in ST1, the output is '1'. This FSM also accepts two inputs: CLR and TOG_EN. The CLR input returns the FSM to ST0, while TOG_EN determines whether the FSM can switch...

Intro to painlessMesh painlessMesh is a library that takes care of the particulars of creating a simple mesh network using esp8266 and esp32 hardware. The goal is to allow the programmer to work with a mesh network without having to worry about how the networ...

This guide provides instructions on using OpenSSL to: Test SSL/TLS connections with a server. Generate a new private key and a self-signed certificate for client authentication. 1. Testing SSL/TLS Connection with openssl s_client The openssl s_client command...

WiFi Events The ESP32 WiFi library provides several events that allow you to monitor the WiFi connection status and respond to changes in network conditions. These events can be handled using event handlers in your code to manage WiFi connections more effectiv...

Basics of WiFi Networking WiFi Standards and Protocols Wi-Fi is a technology that allows devices to connect to a wireless network and exchange data. Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, which defines the physical and data link layers of a network. There...

Microprogramming in VHDL Microprogramming is a technique in computer design that involves using microinstruction sets or small steps executed by a microprocessor's control unit. VHDL often implements this using state or finite state machines (FSMs). Instructio...