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The fundamental problem of generating control signals, introduced in Section 1.0, is solved by two distinct design philosophies. This choice between a "hardwired" and a "microprogrammed" control unit represents a classic engineering trade-off between speed and...

This section details the core theory of the microprogrammed control unit, the flexible alternative to the hardwired FSM. This approach fundamentally changes the design from a complex, fixed logic circuit to a simple, programmable one. 3.1 Core Concept: The "...

If the Control Store is the "recipe book" for the CPU, then a micro-instruction is a single "line" in that recipe. It is the most fundamental unit of control in a microprogrammed CPU, defining the exact set of hardware operations that will occur in a single cl...

This section connects all the previous concepts to illustrate how the microprogrammed control unit runs a program. The core of this operation is the mapping of high-level assembly instructions to low-level micro-routines, all managed by the micro-sequencer. 5...

Congratulations! 🥳 In this final module, you are given the opportunity to create a project with your group members according to the following provisions: Final Project Timeline Github Link Deadline: Sunday, November 23, 2025 23.59 WIB Project Title: Discuss w...

Assembly is a low-level programming language that allows manipulation of every bit in memory, resulting in highly efficient and fast code. It has a strong one-to-one correspondence with the machine code instructions of the computer architecture. On Arduino mic...

A. Memory Map The ATmega328P memory map provides information on how the Microcontroller Unit (MCU) uses memory. Here is the address division: Category Address Size Description General Purpose Registers 0x0000 - 0x001F 32 x 8 bit Registers R0 - R31 I/O...

On the Arduino Uno (ATmega328P), digital I/O is controlled through Port B, Port C, and Port D. Each port is 8-bit, allowing control of up to 8 pins simultaneously. A. Port to Arduino Pin Mapping Port Bits Arduino Pin Notes Port B PB0 - PB5 Digital Pin ...

To combine Assembly with Arduino C++ code, the extern "C" directive is used in the .ino file and the .global directive is used in the .S (Assembly) file. File Structure: .ino File (C/C++): extern "C" { void start(); // Declaration of function defined in A...

Operand Notation Before diving into the instructions, here are the common operand symbols used: Symbol Description Rd Destination register (R0-R31). The result of the operation is stored here. Rr Source register (R0-R31). Used as input for the operati...

The Status Register contains flags that indicate the results of arithmetic/logic operations. This register is crucial for branch instructions. Bit Name Description 7 I (Global Interrupt Enable) Enables/disables global interrupts 6 T (Bit Copy Storage)...

Delays can be created using nested loops that consume a certain number of clock cycles. Delay Calculation Concept: ATmega328P on Arduino Uno runs at 16 MHz (16 million clock cycles per second) 1 millisecond = 16,000 clock cycles DEC instruction takes 1 cycle,...

A. Blink LED #define __SFR_OFFSET 0x00 #include "avr/io.h" .global main main: SBI DDRB, 5 ; Set PB5 (Pin 13) as Output loop: SBI PORTB, 5 ; Turn on LED (Output HIGH) RCALL delay ; Call delay subroutine CBI PORTB, 5 ...

Step 1 : Install Proteus If you haven't install. Then Install, remember from DSD. Step 2 : Download the Arduino Library for Proteus Download from here : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1LMYOUn39nAZBdGL0SR3n30pf-fRXeP-B/view Step 3 : Install the Library Go to t...

Step 1 : Setup the Arduino IDE Go to Preferences : Checklist the Show Verbose output during compile and upload : Step 2 : Compile the Code Compile the code using this button : Find the Hex link on the output terminal : Step 3 : Connect the Hex Double cli...