1. Introduction to AVR Assembly Language

Assembly is a low-level programming language that allows manipulation of every bit in memory, resulting in highly efficient and fast code. It has a strong one-to-one correspondence with the machine code instructions of the computer architecture.

On Arduino microcontrollers (specifically the ATmega328P), Assembly programming enables high-level control suitable for real-time systems and applications requiring complex mathematical processes.

Advantages of Using Assembly:

• High efficiency: Full control over memory usage and execution time.
• Deep understanding: Helps understand fundamental microcontroller operations.
• Problem solving: Can solve problems that may arise in other high-level languages.

Disadvantages:

• Steep learning curve: Requires deep understanding of hardware architecture.
• Longer code: For simple tasks, Assembly code is much longer compared to high-level languages.